Pancreatic Microbiome Influences Cancer and Its Treatment

It's not only about the gut anymore. Even the pancreas has a microbiome (the collection of microorganisms like bacteria living in or on the human body), one that influences pancreatic cancer progression and that can be manipulated to resensitize the immune response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

A new study shows that pancreatic cancer harbors a 1000-fold higher concentration of bacteria compared with the normal pancreas. Moreover, the bacterial species in the pancreatic microbiome can shut down the immune response so that the pancreatic carcinoma milieu becomes ruled by immune suppression.

These observations were first made in animal models and were then extended to human patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which is typically fatal within 2 years. In animal models, when the microbiome is ablated, the immune response is restored, and the animals are able to respond to immunotherapy. In a paper recently published the authors showed tumor progression was seen in animal models, compared with control mice. For animals treated with an oral antibiotic, tumor burdens were reduced by ~50%. These studies also showed that the oral antibiotic regimen was able to slow pancreatic tumor growth.

Extending these observations to humans, the researchers showed that Proteobacteria organisms composed ~8% of gut bacteria of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients but that they increased to 50% in cancerous pancreas. When the researchers obtained samples of both feces and tumors, they were able to show a differential migration of the bacteria to the pancreas. In progression toward the oncogenic phenotype, bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria spp predominate the pancreatic microbiome.

These new findings creates a new paradigm in the treatment of pancreatic cancer indicating the pancreatic microbiome can be a target for therapy and offers a clue about how to use immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer, which has thus far remained unresponsive to immunotherapy.

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/894384?src=soc_tw_180404_mscpedt_news_onc_microbiome&faf=1#vp_1

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Arsenic used for centuries to treat hematological malignancies is still used in cancer patients.

All forms of arsenic are a serious risk to human health. The arsenic is a hazardous substance and also classified as carcinogenic. Arsenic makes arsenic trioxide with concentrated sulfuric acid. Arsenic has been used in Manchuria (Asia) 2000 years ago, it was only first reported as a treatment for leukemia in the Western literature in 1878.; it later became a popular treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia in 1930. The compound arsenic trioxide has been under investigation in China as an anticancer treatment since 1970. Chinese investigators first reported responses to intravenous arsenic trioxide in patients with acute pro-myelocytic leukemia (APL) in 1992. Arsenic trioxide is approved and used to treat APL. More specifically, this medication is given to patients who have not responded to a different initial treatment, or whose cancer has recurred. This medication is given has an intravenous injection. The injections usually take 1 to 2 hours, but may be given more gradually if side effects occur during the infusion. Arsenic trioxide is usually given once a day for several consecutive days.